{"id":940,"date":"2023-02-28T00:45:50","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T00:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=940"},"modified":"2023-03-01T01:00:59","modified_gmt":"2023-03-01T01:00:59","slug":"convent-teaching","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=940","title":{"rendered":"Convent Teaching"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-d5db3a3\" data-block-id=\"d5db3a3\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-d5db3a3-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-51b6e4d\" data-block-id=\"51b6e4d\"><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-51b6e4d-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-51b6e4d-inner-blocks\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-b075ebd\" data-block-id=\"b075ebd\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-b075ebd-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-347c83a\" data-block-id=\"347c83a\"><style>.stk-347c83a-container{background-image:url(https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/kids1918-1.jpg) !important;background-attachment:fixed !important;background-position:top center !important;background-repeat:no-repeat !important;background-size:contain !important}.stk-347c83a-container:before{background-color:#000000 !important;opacity:0.5 !important}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-347c83a-container stk-hover-parent stk--has-background-overlay\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-347c83a-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-x-large-font-size\"><strong>Intro and Teaching Materials Recovered<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-fe1bbe6\" data-block-id=\"fe1bbe6\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-fe1bbe6-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-09cb4b7\" data-block-id=\"09cb4b7\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-09cb4b7{flex:1 1 33.3% !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-09cb4b7-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-09cb4b7-inner-blocks\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"291\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-971\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Slate boards in Unit B.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou17.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-972\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>Pen nibs and pencil pieces mostly found in Units A and C.<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou20.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-973\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou20.jpg 298w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou20-226x300.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Ink bottles<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"432\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou21.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-974\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou21.jpg 432w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou21-300x131.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">In-desk and desk-top ink wells.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou22.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-978\" style=\"border-width:2px;border-radius:10px\" width=\"313\" height=\"361\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Graphs showing Units A and C contained most slate boards and ink bottles.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou23.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-975\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou23.jpg 454w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou23-219x300.jpg 219w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Lined slate board with remnant writing.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-36ec0c8\" data-block-id=\"36ec0c8\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-36ec0c8{flex:1 1 66.7% !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-36ec0c8-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-36ec0c8-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>The outhouse materials could be separated into six general functional categories. &nbsp; These categories correspond to the activities reported in historical documents relating to the school.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Teaching:<\/span>&nbsp;As a school, teaching materials were expected to be found as part of the everyday refuse. &nbsp;These materials included writing implements, slate boards and ink bottles. &nbsp;The main school building was located directly south of the privy vault.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Eating:<\/span>&nbsp;As a boarding school and convent, dietary and kitchen related materials were expected. &nbsp;These included dietary bone, shell, and organic materials, cooking, serving and eating ceramics and utensils. &nbsp;The kitchen and dining hall were located southeast of the privy vault.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Personal Living:<\/span>&nbsp;As both a boarding school and convent, daily personal items were expected. &nbsp;These included clothing, grooming, personal adornment, and keepsake items. &nbsp;The convent rooms were located in the \u201cChapel\u201d building, southwest of the privy vault. The student dormitory rooms were located on the upper floors of the main school building directly south of the vault.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Medical:<\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Historical documents indicate that a women\u2019s infirmary existed within the convent.  Medical related items were expected and included medicinal bottles, eyedroppers, and thermometers. The infirmary room was located in the \u201cChapel\u201d building, southwest of the privy vault.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Religious:<\/span>&nbsp;As a convent and Catholic School, religious items were expected. &nbsp;These included rosary beads, crucifix, religious medallions, holy water bottles, statues, and nun habits. &nbsp;Although nun\u2019s habits would have been stored primarily in the \u201cChapel\u201d building (southwest of the privy vault), it is likely that other religious items were in use throughout the facility.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><u>Recreation:<\/u>&nbsp;<\/span>Whenever children gather, there will be toys. &nbsp;These included porcelain dolls, marbles, harmonicas, toy dishes, and more. &nbsp;Toys were probably used everywhere at the facility.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: #f34957\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Teaching Items<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Learning to write is a critical part of schooling. &nbsp;With writing implements at a premium, it becomes cost-effective to make use of slate boards as well as reusable quill pens and ink for most writing<br>assignments. &nbsp;Quill pen nibs were found in Units A and C of the privy vault. &nbsp;Most pen nibs were of steel and often difficult to identify due to heavy rusting. &nbsp;However, a few were of brass and two were actually gold. &nbsp;One of the gold nibs was stamped \u201cMabie Todd &amp; Co. New York\u201d (C-254).<br><br>Mabie Todd &amp; Co. was formed in New York in 1860 and introduced their first fountain pen in 1878. &nbsp;They manufactured ornate writing instruments that were of jewelry quality (Mamoulides 2002).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou18.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-969\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\" width=\"380\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou18.jpg 328w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou18-300x162.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Also recovered was a \u201cPearce &amp; Hoagland\u201d stamped nib (B-67:) and a pencil end stamped \u201cEagle Pencil Co., New York\u201d (C-250). &nbsp;The Eagle Pencil Co. began operation in 1856. &nbsp;By 1861 they were expanding and in 1864 opened a London office. &nbsp;They manufactured the first eraser-tipped pencil in 1872 (Picard 2006).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou19.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-970\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\" width=\"516\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou19.jpg 426w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Outhou19-300x102.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>All pencils recovered showed sharpening all the way to the bitter end. \u00a0Most pencils were of the standard crimped-on eraser style (C- 249), however two replaceable eraser holders were recovered and one pencil had a fancy jeweled end (C-255). \u00a0Most ink appears to have been distributed to the students in ink bottles or wells that presumably fit into holes in the top of classroom desks. \u00a0Ink was<br>purchased in bulk in large glass and ceramic ink bottles. \u00a0These were used to refill the wells at the desks. \u00a0Occasional fancy ink wells were recovered indicating the difference between the writing<br>implements used by the students and those used by the school administration.<br><br>For the younger students, learning to write involved even more reusable and cost-effective hardware; the slate board and slate writer. \u00a0Both lined and unlined slate board fragments were recovered. \u00a0Boards were found in Unit A (closest to the dining hall). \u00a0On close examination, scratched in letters and characters could still be observed on many of the broken slate board pieces.<br><br>Most teaching materials were recovered from Units A and C. \u00a0Using the concept of \u201cleast cost\u201d (Earle 1980, Green 1980), if the privy was open and it was just as easy to access any portion of the facility, one would expect teaching refuse to be disposed of in the most efficient manner; closest to the room it was used in.<br><br>Unit A was closest to the Dining Hall and Unit C was closest to the Chapel building.<br><br>The main school building was located directly south of the privy. \u00a0If the privy were in an open area, all three units would have been equally accessible to anyone walking from the main school building.<br><br>Although it was a direct line to walk to the privy from the Chapel building (closest to Unit C) and from the kitchen\/dining hall (closest to Unit A), historical photos indicate that a wooden lattice arbor  created a courtyard that cut off straight-line access to the privy from the main school building. \u00a0This arbor may have forced students and teachers to walk around the ends of the arbor on their way to the<br>facility. \u00a0This means that the center section of the privy (Unit B) would have required the additional effort of a few more steps. \u00a0Thus, most classroom refuse would be expected to be found in the Unit A and C portions of the privy. \u00a0The graphs of slate boards, pencils, pens, ink and mucilage bottles appear to bear out this hypothesis.<br><br>Many of the recovered slate board fragments contained shallow scratches left by students writing assignments. \u00a0Often these were undetectable until the slate board was dampened and held diagonally to the light. \u00a0As these light scratches are easily obliterated, care should be taken while handling the broken slate pieces.<br><br>Other teaching materials included desk bells, scissors, thumbtacks, eyeglasses, etc. \u00a0All provide a sense of what life was like in the Immaculate Heart Academy classroom.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intro and Teaching Materials Recovered The outhouse materials could be separated into six general functional categories. &nbsp; These categories correspond to the activities reported in historical documents relating to the school. Teaching:&nbsp;As a school, teaching materials were expected to be found as part of the everyday refuse. &nbsp;These materials included writing implements, slate boards and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-940","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=940"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":979,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/940\/revisions\/979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}