{"id":702,"date":"2023-02-26T21:13:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T21:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=702"},"modified":"2023-02-26T23:12:24","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T23:12:24","slug":"elem-jk-unit2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=702","title":{"rendered":"Elem JK Unit2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-d5db3a3\" data-block-id=\"d5db3a3\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-d5db3a3-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-51b6e4d\" data-block-id=\"51b6e4d\"><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-51b6e4d-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-51b6e4d-inner-blocks\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-b075ebd\" data-block-id=\"b075ebd\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-b075ebd-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-347c83a\" data-block-id=\"347c83a\"><style>.stk-347c83a-container{background-image:url(https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/art700-scaled.jpg) !important;background-attachment:fixed !important;background-position:top right !important;background-repeat:no-repeat !important;background-size:49% !important}.stk-347c83a-container:before{background-color:#000000 !important;opacity:0.5 !important}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-347c83a-container stk-hover-parent stk--has-background-overlay\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-347c83a-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-x-large-font-size\"><strong>Elem JK Unit Chipped Stone<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-fe1bbe6\" data-block-id=\"fe1bbe6\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-fe1bbe6-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-09cb4b7\" data-block-id=\"09cb4b7\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-09cb4b7{flex:1 1 33.3% !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-09cb4b7-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-09cb4b7-inner-blocks\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk9.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-765\" width=\"325\" height=\"215\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Chert, basalt, and obsidian by depth.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk10.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-763\" width=\"323\" height=\"375\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">The types of flakes and tool making process taking place by depth.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-766\" width=\"278\" height=\"201\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Point fragments found.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"160\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk12.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk12.jpg 311w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk12-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Obsidian knives<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk13.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-769\" width=\"335\" height=\"221\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake tool types by depth.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk14.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-770\" width=\"332\" height=\"236\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk15.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-771\" width=\"217\" height=\"235\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"474\" height=\"177\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk16.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk16.jpg 474w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk16-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/unitjk17.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-773\" width=\"330\" height=\"237\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-36ec0c8\" data-block-id=\"36ec0c8\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-36ec0c8{flex:1 1 66.7% !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-36ec0c8-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-36ec0c8-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>In unit JK, 3 types of rock were being used for chipped stone tools; Franciscan chert, basalt, and Borax Lake obsidian. &nbsp;Borax Lake obsidian made up the majority of stone tool material recovered throughout the reservation.<br><br>The flake technology graph indicates that the types of chipped stone recovered represent mostly one phase of the stone tool manufacturing process (secondary thinning). &nbsp;There were very few flakes that could be categorized as core reduction flakes or primary thinning and shaping flakes. &nbsp;This suggests that core reduction and primary shaping of stone tools occurred at another location.<br><br>The chipping technology graph indicates an even split between the numbers of pressure flakes and percussion flakes. &nbsp;Pressure flakes are those flakes that are produced during &nbsp;the final edge-sharpening phase of the tool making process. &nbsp;These are also the flakes created by tool maintenance where resharpening  and minor shaping take place. &nbsp; Percussion flakes occur during the whole tool manufacturing process.<br><br>This suggests that most of the tool making process was taking place elsewhere and that finished, or partly finished tools were brought to this location where they were finished, sharpened, and maintained.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Points (3)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Fragments of two Borax Lake obsidian points and one Napa Valley obsidian point (JK-109) were recovered from unit JK. \u00a0The broken tip (or tine JK-61) was recovered from the 0-10cm level and should be considered part of the disturbed soil layer. \u00a0The other two were recovered from the 10-20cm level and were most likely close to their original place of deposition.<br><br>JK-109 had a mean hydration reading of 6.5 microns suggesting manufacture around 6,500 B.P. \u00a0JK-110 had a mean hydration reading of 5 microns suggesting manufacture around 2,400 B.P. (rate  calculation is based on Origer 2008 and Tremaine and Fredrickson 1988).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Knives (3)<\/span><br><br>Knives are purposefully manufactured tools that have been chipped on both sides to create a cutting or scraping edge. &nbsp;Some chipped stone knives are well-formed, presumably taking much thought and time in manufacture. &nbsp;Others are less well-formed and appear to have been quickly manufactured for one or more uses. &nbsp; Knives can be used for a wide range of cutting and scraping activities such as those needed for butchering and hide production.<br><br>One knife was recovered from the 10-20cm level (JK-107) and 2 from the 30-40cm level (JK-163).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake Tools<\/span><br><br>Flake tools are sharp flakes of obsidian that were casually picked up and used for cutting, scraping, or reaming purposes. \u00a0These tools either show chipped edges from use, or have been purposefully<br>removed from a core to provide a sharp cutting edge.<br><br><u><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake blade<\/span><\/u><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-4, #192c27);\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><u>s<\/u>\u00a0<\/span>are long thin flakes that have been removed from specially prepared cores. \u00a0The core preparation and removal process allows the creation of long thin flakes with two very sharp parallel cutting edges. \u00a0Ten flake blades were recovered; 2 from the 0-10cm level, 6 from the 10-20cm level, and 2 from the 20-30cm level.<br><br><u>Flake gravers<\/u>\u00a0are small flakes with a very defined short cutting edge opposite a flat face that allows the force of a finger to be applied to assist in the cutting action. \u00a0Two flake gravers were recovered from the 10-20cm level.<br><br><u>Spoke shaves<\/u>\u00a0are flake tools that have been used to scrape a shaft (such as a branch or basketry root). \u00a0The action of scraping a shaft creates an indented (concave) flaked surface. \u00a0One spoke-shave was<br>recovered from the 0-10cm level (JK-60).<br><br><u>Flake knives<\/u>\u00a0are casual flakes that have been chipped on both sides to create a cutting edge. \u00a0One flake knife was recovered from the 10-20cm level (JK-108).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Flake scrapers&nbsp;are the most numerous and most casual of the flake tools and show little or no resharpening. &nbsp;They can be any shape and size and display edge chipping that indicates repeated use for generalized cutting or scraping. &nbsp;Thirty flake scrapers were recovered from unit JK; 1 from the 0-10cm level, 12 from the 10-20cm level, 7 from the 20-30cm level (JK-32), and 10 from the 30-40cm level (JK-162).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Cores (9)<\/span><br><br>No cores were recovered from the 0-10cm level, 1 was recovered from the 10-20cm level, 5 from the 20-30cm level (see JK-137) (one of which was of Konocti obsidian), and 3 from the 30-40cm level (JK-161).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Elem JK Unit Chipped Stone In unit JK, 3 types of rock were being used for chipped stone tools; Franciscan chert, basalt, and Borax Lake obsidian. &nbsp;Borax Lake obsidian made up the majority of stone tool material recovered throughout the reservation. The flake technology graph indicates that the types of chipped stone recovered represent mostly [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-702","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/702","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=702"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/702\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":779,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/702\/revisions\/779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=702"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}