{"id":484,"date":"2023-02-21T02:20:15","date_gmt":"2023-02-21T02:20:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=484"},"modified":"2023-02-25T22:01:26","modified_gmt":"2023-02-25T22:01:26","slug":"elem-flake-tools","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=484","title":{"rendered":"Elem Flake Tools"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-d5db3a3\" data-block-id=\"d5db3a3\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-d5db3a3-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-51b6e4d\" data-block-id=\"51b6e4d\"><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-51b6e4d-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-51b6e4d-inner-blocks\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-b075ebd\" data-block-id=\"b075ebd\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-b075ebd-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-347c83a\" data-block-id=\"347c83a\"><style>.stk-347c83a-container{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-3,#365951) !important;background-image:url(https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/13flaking-scaled.jpg) !important;background-attachment:fixed !important;background-position:top right !important;background-repeat:no-repeat !important;background-size:contain !important;max-width:1462px !important;padding-top:0px !important;padding-right:0px !important;padding-bottom:0px !important;padding-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-left:auto !important}.stk-347c83a-container:before{background-color:var(--theme-palette-color-3,#365951) !important;opacity:0.6 !important}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-347c83a-container stk-hover-parent stk--has-background-overlay\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-347c83a-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-x-large-font-size\"><strong>Elem Flake Tools<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-fe1bbe6\" data-block-id=\"fe1bbe6\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-fe1bbe6-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-09cb4b7\" data-block-id=\"09cb4b7\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-09cb4b7{flex:1 1 calc(56.4% - var(--stk-column-gap,0px) * 1 \/ 2 ) !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-09cb4b7-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-09cb4b7-inner-blocks\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake Scrapers (55)<\/span><br><br>Flake scrapers are various shaped flakes that exhibit use wear and\/or secondary flaking on one side. &nbsp;All but two of these were of Borax Lake obsidian, one was basalt and one was Napa obsidian. &nbsp;<br><br>The Napa obsidian scraper (0-105) had two hydration bands; one with a mean of 1.2 microns, indicating recent edge breakage ~200 B.P. However, most of the artifact had a mean of 11.7   microns,&nbsp;indicating <span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: #f62525\" class=\"stk-highlight\">manufacture ~21,000 B.P.<\/span><span style=\"color: #f62525;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;This is likely the oldest stone tool recovered during the project.<\/strong><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-628\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe21-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe21-1.jpg 387w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe21-1-300x184.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake Knives (4)<\/span><br><br>Flake knives are usually more than casual flakes picked up and used.  These flakes often show  intentional thinning or sharpening along one or more edges to create a more precise cutting or scraping edge. &nbsp;All flake knives were of Borax Lake obsidian.<\/strong><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" class=\"wp-image-629\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe22-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe22-1.jpg 351w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe22-1-300x204.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Special Flake Tools (6)<\/span><br><br>Casual flakes can be used as drills, engravers, and spoke-shaves (for shaving the bark off basketry sticks or arrow shafts). &nbsp;The materials collected had 4 examples of gravers, one spoke-shave, and one drill. &nbsp;All were of Borax Lake obsidian.<\/strong><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-630\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe23-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe23-1.jpg 169w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe23-1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake Blades (6)<\/span><br><br>Flake blades are un-retouched flakes with a length more than twice their width. \u00a0For most chipped stone tools, the longer and thinner the initial flake of stone, the better and sharper the finished tool. \u00a0The shape of that initial flake is dictated by the shape of the core of rock from which it is obtained and the method by which it is removed from that core. \u00a0During the manufacturing process, a core can be casually hit on any flat surface (platform) to remove usable flakes of stone. \u00a0However, to obtain the longest and thinnest flakes, the core must be prepared and shaped to allow their removal. \u00a0This process requires extensive knowledge and experience in stone tool manufacture. \u00a0The  resulting flakes are long, straight, and very thin. \u00a0In sorting through the randomly collected chipped stone, 5 Borax Lake obsidian and one basalt flake blade were found.<\/strong><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" class=\"wp-image-631\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Chippe24-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-36ec0c8\" data-block-id=\"36ec0c8\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-36ec0c8{flex:1 1 calc(43.6% - var(--stk-column-gap,0px) * 1 \/ 2 ) !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-36ec0c8-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-36ec0c8-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: #f34957\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flake Tools<\/span><br><br>Flake tools are chipped stone flakes that were casually used for cutting, scraping, drilling or engraving with little or no  secondary shaping or sharpening. &nbsp;&nbsp;Most flake tools have no distinct shape other than a straight or pointed cutting edge. &nbsp;Due to this lack of distinct shape, few were purposefully picked up or plotted by the Tribal monitors during the monitoring process. &nbsp;Most of the flake tools recorded at the lab were from bags of random obsidian flakes that were collected. &nbsp;There were 72 flake tools recovered during project monitoring.<br><br>All obsidian chipped stone tools that appeared to have diagnostic shapes were submitted for hydration analysis. &nbsp;Hydration  readings were converted to approximate years B.P. (Before Present) using Thomas Origer&#8217;s (1993) rate for Napa obsidian and the Borax Lake\/ Napa obsidian conversion factor developed by Kim Tremaine and Dave Fredrickson (1988).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Elem Flake Tools Flake Scrapers (55) Flake scrapers are various shaped flakes that exhibit use wear and\/or secondary flaking on one side. &nbsp;All but two of these were of Borax Lake obsidian, one was basalt and one was Napa obsidian. &nbsp; The Napa obsidian scraper (0-105) had two hydration bands; one with a mean of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-484","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/484","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=484"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/484\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":635,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/484\/revisions\/635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}