{"id":1143,"date":"2023-03-07T01:56:59","date_gmt":"2023-03-07T01:56:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=1143"},"modified":"2023-03-08T02:10:32","modified_gmt":"2023-03-08T02:10:32","slug":"elem-feature-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=1143","title":{"rendered":"Elem Feature 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-d5db3a3\" data-block-id=\"d5db3a3\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-d5db3a3-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-51b6e4d\" data-block-id=\"51b6e4d\"><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-51b6e4d-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-51b6e4d-inner-blocks\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-b075ebd\" data-block-id=\"b075ebd\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-b075ebd-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-347c83a\" data-block-id=\"347c83a\"><style>.stk-347c83a-container{background-image:url(https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/histor1-1.gif) !important;background-attachment:fixed !important;background-position:top center !important;background-repeat:no-repeat !important;background-size:cover !important}.stk-347c83a-container:before{background-color:#000000 !important;opacity:0.6 !important}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-347c83a-container stk-hover-parent stk--has-background-overlay\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-347c83a-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-x-large-font-size\"><strong>Elem Historic Feature 4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-fe1bbe6\" data-block-id=\"fe1bbe6\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-fe1bbe6-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-09cb4b7\" data-block-id=\"09cb4b7\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-09cb4b7{flex:1 1 calc(28.9% - var(--stk-column-gap,0px) * 1 \/ 2 ) !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-09cb4b7-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-09cb4b7-inner-blocks\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor28.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1218\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Materials recovered from Feature 4<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor29.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1219\" width=\"132\" height=\"141\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Percussion cap firearms<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"148\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor30.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1220\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Feature 4 glass<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor31.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1221\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Dietary bone from Feature 4<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor34.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1222\" width=\"233\" height=\"176\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Evidence of shell bead manufacture<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-36ec0c8\" data-block-id=\"36ec0c8\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-36ec0c8{flex:1 1 calc(71.1% - var(--stk-column-gap,0px) * 1 \/ 2 ) !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-36ec0c8-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-36ec0c8-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Mine waste excavation beneath the western road encountered historical artifacts between lots 12 and 13. &nbsp;The feature was well defined and contained blown glass, EuroAmerican ceramics, burned ash and rusty metal covering an area 10.5 meters in diameter. &nbsp;The feature area was flagged and its boundary spray-painted to keep construction workers and equipment out.<br><br>The mine waste had been removed and it was anticipated that the feature would be protected and preserved beneath the clean fill and road construction. &nbsp;With the understanding that the feature would be protected, only a 5-gallon bucket sample (for \u00bc\u201d processing) and a 2,000cc sample (for 1\/8\u201d processing) were obtained from the feature. &nbsp;In addition, any diagnostic artifacts exposed on the surface of the feature were collected and processed.<br><br>Graphs of material recovered in the 5-gallon volume-controlled sample indicate that EuroAmerican manufactured material dominated with glass, stone tool manufacturing, dietary shell, ceramics, and bone filling out the rest. &nbsp;The 1\/8\u201d screened sample recovered more dietary bone than anything else, but manufactured material was a close second with glass, chipped stone, and dietary shell also recovered.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican Other<\/span><br><br>This manufactured material included square nails (3), sheet metal, a horseshoe, brass boat hardware, steel washer, leather, and a percussion cap (H4-12).<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican Glass<\/span><br><br>Glass included parts of a car headlamp, four alcohol bottles, one cologne bottle (purple glass), and 4 unidentifiable bottles. &nbsp;The two bottle fragments that could be identified were hand-blown indicating manufacture before 1917.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican Ceramics<\/span><br><br>Ceramics included stoneware, creamware, and porcelain. &nbsp; Identifiable pieces included parts of one main course plate, one cup, one saucer, and one washbasin.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Asian Ceramics<\/span><br><br>No Asian ceramics were recovered from this feature.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Bone<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"403\" height=\"167\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor32.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor32.jpg 403w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor32-300x124.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Dietary bone recovered from Feature 4<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>The volume-controlled samples from this feature obtained enough dietary bone to allow some basic analysis. &nbsp;As was expected from the \u00bc\u201d sample, mammal bone weights were the highest (top graph). &nbsp;This is more a function of mammal bone being bigger and heavier whereas most small fish and bird bone are both lighter and smaller, tending to fall through this screen size. &nbsp;The 1\/8\u201d sample (bottom graph) is a more realistic indication of the relative amounts of bone at this feature.<br><br>As would be expected of a lakeshore village, fish, shore birds and migratory birds would have made up a significant amount of the protein in the diet. &nbsp;As this is a historic feature, it is likely that chicken is also represented.<br><br>Financial constraints prevented an analysis of bird and mammal bone, however, the abundance of fish bone recovered from the 1\/8\u201d sample was submitted for species analysis (Gobalet 2007).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Of the individual bone that could be identified, 31 were from the minnow and carp family (Cyprinidae), 7 were from Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus), 5 were from the Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), 3 were from Sacramento blackfish (Orthodon microlepidotus), 2 were from the tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski), and 1 was from a hitch (Lavinia exilicauda). &nbsp; There were many pieces from unidentified ray-finned fishes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"429\" height=\"286\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor33.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1216\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Species of fish recovered from Feature 4<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Shell<\/span><br><br>A significant amount of shellfish remains were recovered from the 2,000cc soil sample. \u00a0These remains were dominated by gaper clam (tresus), lake mussel, and Washington clam (saxidomus). \u00a0The lake mussel would have represented a food resource, however, the coastal shell (tresus and saxidomus) would have been used for shell bead manufacture. \u00a0In addition to the shell, rounded and partly drilled (broken) bead blanks were recovered in the soil sample. \u00a0This suggests that shell bead manufacture and use was still very strong during the late 1800\u2019s and early 1900\u2019s. \u00a0A single milk-glass Spanish trade bead was also recovered.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Interpretation<\/span><br><br>Hand-blown glass suggests that this feature represents discard before 1917. &nbsp;The existence of boat hardware and abundance of fish bone suggest that this household included a fisherman and that a substantial amount of the household diet came from fish. The abundance of shell bead manufacturing material indicates the presence of a traditional person who was very-much a part of the shell-bead money economy.  The general lack of Asian ceramics suggests that this household didn\u2019t have members of Asian descent.<br><br>If the percussion cap represents firearms activity, then it would have been for a gun manufactured prior to 1870. &nbsp;By 1846, the pin-fire metal cartridge was developed and used widely in Europe between 1846 and 1870. &nbsp;By 1870, most firearms in California used rim fire or centerfire cartridges, bringing an end to percussion cap firearms (Dillon 1995:42).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Elem Historic Feature 4 Mine waste excavation beneath the western road encountered historical artifacts between lots 12 and 13. &nbsp;The feature was well defined and contained blown glass, EuroAmerican ceramics, burned ash and rusty metal covering an area 10.5 meters in diameter. &nbsp;The feature area was flagged and its boundary spray-painted to keep construction workers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1143","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1143"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1225,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1143\/revisions\/1225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}