{"id":1139,"date":"2023-03-07T01:56:17","date_gmt":"2023-03-07T01:56:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=1139"},"modified":"2023-03-08T01:27:35","modified_gmt":"2023-03-08T01:27:35","slug":"elem-feature-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/?page_id=1139","title":{"rendered":"Elem Feature 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-d5db3a3\" data-block-id=\"d5db3a3\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-d5db3a3-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-51b6e4d\" data-block-id=\"51b6e4d\"><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-51b6e4d-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-51b6e4d-inner-blocks\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-b075ebd\" data-block-id=\"b075ebd\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-b075ebd-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-347c83a\" data-block-id=\"347c83a\"><style>.stk-347c83a-container{background-image:url(https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/histor1-1.gif) !important;background-attachment:fixed !important;background-position:top center !important;background-size:cover !important}.stk-347c83a-container:before{background-color:#000000 !important;opacity:0.6 !important}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-347c83a-container stk-hover-parent stk--has-background-overlay\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-347c83a-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color has-x-large-font-size\"><strong>Elem Historic Feature 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-fe1bbe6\" data-block-id=\"fe1bbe6\"><div class=\"stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-fe1bbe6-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-09cb4b7\" data-block-id=\"09cb4b7\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-09cb4b7{flex:1 1 calc(27% - var(--stk-column-gap,0px) * 1 \/ 2 ) !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-09cb4b7-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-09cb4b7-inner-blocks\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor12.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1183\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>Material recovered from Feature 2<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor13.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1186\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican ceramic maker&#8217;s marks<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"317\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor14.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor14.jpg 317w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor14-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Chinese rice bowl fragments<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"241\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor15.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1188\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Chinese tea pot lid and food jar fragment<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"236\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor18.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-1190\" style=\"border-width:3px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Glassware<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"302\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor19.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor19.jpg 252w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor19-250x300.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Shoe fragments<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor20.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1192\" width=\"117\" height=\"277\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Flat-base spear point<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-block-column--v3 stk-column stk-block-column--v2 stk-block stk-36ec0c8\" data-block-id=\"36ec0c8\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:690px){.stk-36ec0c8{flex:1 1 calc(73% - var(--stk-column-gap,0px) * 1 \/ 2 ) !important}}<\/style><div class=\"stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-36ec0c8-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding\"><div class=\"stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-36ec0c8-inner-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Mine waste excavation beneath the western road encountered historical artifacts just north of the intersection of Pomo Street and the road that leads to the cul-de-sac. &nbsp;The feature was well defined and consisted of black soil, bricks, rusty metal, blown glass, Euroamerican ceramics, and square nails covering an area 10.5 x 12.8 meters. &nbsp;The feature area was flagged and its boundary spray-painted to keep construction workers and equipment out.<br><br>The mine waste had been removed and it was anticipated that the feature would be protected and preserved beneath the clean fill brought in for road construction. &nbsp;With the understanding that the feature would be protected, only a single 5-gallon bucket sample (for \u00bc\u201d processing) and a 2,000cc sample (for 1\/8\u201d processing) were obtained from the feature. &nbsp;In addition, any diagnostic artifacts exposed on the surface of the feature were collected and processed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>Graphs of the Feature 2 samples indicate that &#8220;EuroAmerican glass&#8221; was the most abundant of the artifacts by weight, followed by &#8220;EuroAmerican other&#8221; (metal, leather, building material, etc.) and &#8220;EuroAmerican ceramics&#8221;. \u00a0Also recovered were obsidian stone tool manufacturing material (debitage), Asian ceramics, points, dietary bone, and organic material.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"has-border-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color wp-image-1185\" style=\"border-width:3px;border-radius:10px\" width=\"346\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor11.jpg 313w, https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor11-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-8, #ffffff);\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Feature 2 location<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican Ceramics<\/span><br><br>Euroamerican ceramics were of stoneware and creamware and included pieces of at least 4 main-course plates, one saucer, one soup bowl, and one pitcher.<br><br>Two makers marks were recovered. \u00a0One was a piece manufactured by James Edwards &amp; Son between 1851 and 1882 (H2-66). \u00a0The other was manufactured by John Maddock &amp; Sons sometime around 1896. \u00a0Both potters operated out of Burslem England (Godden 1991:230,406). \u00a0The reader must remember that the date of a maker\u2019s mark does not provide the age of the historic feature. \u00a0Plates and bowls can be owned and used for many years before breakage causes them to be discarded. \u00a0The age of a maker\u2019s mark can be used to indicate that the historic feature is not older than the age of the mark.<br><br>Most EuroAmerican ceramics were plain white glazed (H2-10), however, both transfer-ware (H2-41) and hand painted styles (H2-45) were recovered.<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Asian Ceramics<\/span><br><br>Asian porcelain included pieces of 4 bamboo rice bowls, one serving bowl and a teapot lid. \u00a0One stoneware food jar or spouted jar fragment was recovered. \u00a0 Spouted jars contained liquids such as soy sauce, peanut oil, wine, etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican Glassware<\/span><br><br>All of the identifiable glassware recovered (10 items) were machine made, generally indicating manufacture after 1917. &nbsp;One piece was of purple glass (indicating manufacture between 1880 and 1914) and one piece was honey yellow (indicating manufacture between 1914 and 1930).<br><br>Of the bottle styles that could be identified, three were food jars (H2-25), two were canning jars (H2-56, 57), two were medicine bottles (H2-26), two contained alcohol (H2-21), and one was a soda bottle. &nbsp;Also included were a drinking glass (H2-54), a gallon jug (H2-55), and a few pieces of broken window glass.<br><br>Glass maker\u2019s marks provide additional information concerning the age of Feature 2. &nbsp;The stylized \u201cHA\u201d mark of the Hazel-Atlas Glass Company was only used between 1920 and 1964 (Toulouse 1971:239). &nbsp;The beer bottle had an Owens Illinois mark indicating manufacture between 1929 and 1954 (Toulouse 1971:403).<br><br>The Best Foods jar base had an Owens Illinois Pacific mark that was used between 1932 and 1943 (Toulouse 1971:406).<br><br><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">EuroAmerican Other<\/span><br><br>Metal items included a garden hoe\/weeder, sheet metal (most likely rusted cans), 2 square nails and 4 wire nails.<br><br>Also recovered were a piece of floor linoleum, hewn wood, a black leather loafer and a rubber work shoe.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Stone Tools<\/span><br><br>One flat-based spear point was recovered (H2-65). &nbsp;This point had a hydration band of 1.2 microns indicating manufacture ~100 B.P. or 1900-1908.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #222222;background-color: var(--theme-palette-color-2, #55a630)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Interpretation<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><strong>All artifacts recovered from Feature 2 suggest general household discard. &nbsp; Household items included male oriented clothing, consumption of food purchased in cans and jars, consumption of medicine and alcohol, as well as canning activities. &nbsp;Tableware suggested casual meals that were served and taken on plates and in bowls along with tea or other hot beverages. &nbsp;Asian ceramics suggest some household members were of Asian descent. &nbsp;Tools suggest vegetable gardening was taking place. &nbsp;Although a small amount of bone was recovered, there wasn\u2019t enough for statistical analysis. &nbsp;Although there was some bird bone (chicken), most bone was mammal including one saw-cut beef rib. &nbsp;Chipped obsidian and a point suggest that stone tool manufacture was taking place.<br><br>A graph of the periods of manufacture of various time-sensitive artifacts suggests that Feature 2 represents use and discard of materials no earlier than 1900 and no later than 1933.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/histor21.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1193\" width=\"620\" height=\"306\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Elem Historic Feature 2 Mine waste excavation beneath the western road encountered historical artifacts just north of the intersection of Pomo Street and the road that leads to the cul-de-sac. &nbsp;The feature was well defined and consisted of black soil, bricks, rusty metal, blown glass, Euroamerican ceramics, and square nails covering an area 10.5 x [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1139","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1139"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1196,"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1139\/revisions\/1196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolfcreekarcheology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}